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01. The kidney: excretion and osmoregulation
Kidneys have two main functions. They are excretory organs, removing nitrogenous and other waste from the body. They play an important part in maintaining a constant internal environment by helpin...
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02. The essential guide to photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the use of light energy from the sun to fix carbon dioxide i.e. turn it into sugars. These sugars can then be converted into other essential substances - fats and proteins etc. - whi...
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03. Which stats test should I use?
"Which statistical test should we use?" is a common question from Biology students. This Factsheet provides simple guidelines on when each type of statistical test should be used. The choi...
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04. Structure to function in eukaryotic cell
The cell surface membrane and the membranes which form organelles in eukaryotic cells all have the same basic structure, known as the fluid mosaic model. Such membranes provide control of the entry a...
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05. An idiots guide to populations
A population is a group of organisms of one species in a particular location. The location may be defined by natural boundaries (eg. an island) or defined by the researcher (eg a particular fiel...
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06. Tackling data interpretation questions I: ecology
It is important that A-level students understand the abilities which they are expected to have developed during their study of Biology since these will be tested in their final examinations. In this r...
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07. Comparing transport in plants and animals
Multi-cellular organisms need to provide every cell with oxygen, water and nutrients and to do this they need a transport system because diffusion would be too slow....
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08. The cell surface membrane
The cell surface membrane (formerly called the plasma membrane) surrounds the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The membrane forms a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the substances that enter a...
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09. Oxygen dissociation curves
This Factsheet summarises: 1. The mechanisms of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood 2. The interactions between the mechanisms of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and blood pH contro...
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10. Biology of freshwater pollution
Pollution can be defined as “The introduction by Man into the environment of substances or energy harmful to plant or animal life, or which damage amenity or structure”. This Factsheet con...
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